diff --git a/backend/app/benchmarks/agent.py b/backend/app/benchmarks/agent.py
index 6701e19..d493ac0 100644
--- a/backend/app/benchmarks/agent.py
+++ b/backend/app/benchmarks/agent.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Standard task evaluation over AgentRuntime, never a scripted substitute runner."""
+"""通过真实 AgentRuntime 执行标准任务评测，不使用脚本化替代运行器。"""
 import asyncio
 from time import perf_counter
 from uuid import uuid4
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ from app.errors import ApiError
 INVALID = {'TOOL_NOT_FOUND', 'TOOL_NOT_ALLOWED', 'TOOL_ARGUMENT_INVALID', 'TOOL_VALIDATION_ERROR'}
 
 def score(case, run, events, latency, repeat):
+    """按工具选择、参数、结果、输出和引用要求评定单个样本。"""
     calls = [e.data for e in events if e.event.value == 'ToolCall']
-    # Maximum bipartite matching: broad parameter subsets must not consume the
-    # only call satisfying a more specific expectation. Each call is used once.
+    # 使用最大二分匹配，避免宽松的参数子集占用唯一能满足更严格预期的调用；
+    # 每个实际调用最多匹配一个预期调用。
     matched = {}
     def assign(expected_index, visited):
         expected = case.expected_tools[expected_index]
@@ -49,10 +50,11 @@ def score(case, run, events, latency, repeat):
         steps=run.current_step, latency_ms=latency, token_usage=run.token_usage, checks=checks, error_code=run.error_code)
 
 def aggregate(cases, planned_total=None):
+    """汇总已执行样本，并让取消后的未执行样本继续计入计划总数。"""
     total = len(cases) if planned_total is None else planned_total
     calls = sum(c.tool_calls for c in cases)
     expected = sum(c.expected_calls for c in cases)
-    # Micro accuracy penalizes omitted AND unnecessary calls; no-call cases are N/A.
+    # 微平均同时惩罚遗漏和多余调用；完全没有调用要求时准确率记为不适用。
     denominator = max(calls, expected)
     return {'total_cases': total, 'evaluated_cases': len(cases), 'task_success_rate': sum(c.success for c in cases)/total if total else 0,
         'tool_selection_accuracy': sum(c.selected_calls for c in cases)/denominator if denominator else None,
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ def aggregate(cases, planned_total=None):
         'token_usage': sum(c.token_usage for c in cases), 'tool_calls': calls, 'expected_calls': expected}
 
 async def create_run(request: AgentBenchmarkRequest):
+    """冻结数据集与运行配置，并把评测交给后台真实 Agent Runtime。"""
     from app.container import container
     from app.providers.registry import ProviderNotFoundError
     try:
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ async def create_run(request: AgentBenchmarkRequest):
     return run
 
 async def execute(run_id, request, dataset, runtime):
+    """顺序执行样本，传播取消信号，并持续发布可订阅的运行事件。"""
     flag = service._cancel_flags[run_id]
     results = []; active = None
     def emit(kind, data):
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ async def execute(run_id, request, dataset, runtime):
                     token_budget=request.token_budget, run_timeout_seconds=request.timeout_seconds,
                     tool_timeout_seconds=min(30, request.timeout_seconds), allow_network=request.allow_network,
                     metadata={'benchmark_run_id': run_id, 'case_id': case.case_id}))
-                # Surface the real Trace/permission entry while the case is still executing.
+                # 样本仍在运行时就暴露真实 Trace 与权限入口，便于界面处理待决授权。
                 service._runs[run_id].config_snapshot['active_agent_run_id'] = active.run_id
                 wait = asyncio.create_task(runtime.wait(active.run_id))
                 cancel = asyncio.create_task(flag.wait())
diff --git a/backend/app/export/assets.py b/backend/app/export/assets.py
index 8791398..2026272 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/assets.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/assets.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Raster-only resources; PDF bypasses export quotas but retains path/format validation."""
+"""处理栅格资源；PDF 不受导出配额限制，但仍执行路径和格式校验。"""
 import base64
 import hashlib
 import threading
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from app.errors import ApiError
 _math_lock = threading.Lock()
 
 def enrich_document(document, file_path=None, unlimited=False, options=None, preserve_alpha=False):
-    """Embed Vault images and MathText, with format-specific quotas and palette."""
+    """内嵌 Vault 图片和 MathText，并按导出格式应用配额与主题配色。"""
     from app.config import get_settings
     from urllib.parse import unquote, urlsplit
     vault = get_settings().vault_path.resolve()
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def enrich_document(document, file_path=None, unlimited=False, options=None, pre
                     if not unlimited and pixels > 16_000_000: raise ValueError('document pixels')
                     if not unlimited and image.width * image.height > 4_000_000: raise ValueError('image dimensions')
                     out = BytesIO()
-                    # Composite transparency over the PDF theme or the print/Word white surface.
+                    # 透明像素按 PDF 主题表面色合成；打印 HTML 与 Word 使用白色底色。
                     rgba=image.convert('RGBA'); background=Image.new('RGBA',rgba.size,palette['surface'] if palette else 'white')
                     background.alpha_composite(rgba); (rgba if preserve_alpha else background.convert('RGB')).save(out,'PNG')
                     png=out.getvalue();total += len(png)
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ def source_hash(source):
     return hashlib.sha256(source.strip().encode()).hexdigest()
 
 def validate_assets(assets, unlimited=False):
+    """校验前端静态资源并解码为 PNG；PDF 仅解除容量限制，不放宽格式要求。"""
     result = {}
     total = pixels = 0
     for asset in assets:
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ def validate_assets(assets, unlimited=False):
     return result
 
 def attach_assets(document, assets):
+    """按资源类型和源码哈希把已验证图片挂载到对应文档节点。"""
     def visit(node):
         source = node.attributes.get('src', '') if node.type == 'image' else node.text
         key = (node.type, source_hash(source))
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ def attach_assets(document, assets):
         visit(child)
 
 def plot_png(plot):
-    """DOCX consumes the same clipped geometry as SVG/PDF, rendered at 2x."""
+    """按 SVG/PDF 共用的裁剪几何，以二倍分辨率生成 DOCX 图像。"""
     from app.plot.render import compute_geometry, _sx, _sy, _fmt_num
     from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont
     geo = compute_geometry(plot)
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ def plot_png(plot):
     if geo.xlabel:
         draw.text((geo.width, (geo.height - 18)*2), geo.xlabel, fill='#1f2328', font=font, anchor='mm')
     if geo.ylabel:
-        # Horizontal at the upper-left margin keeps CJK labels readable in Word.
+        # 纵轴标题横排在左上边距，避免 CJK 文本在 Word 中旋转后不可读。
         draw.text((24, 24), geo.ylabel, fill='#1f2328', font=font)
     for index, expression in enumerate(plot.expressions):
         draw.text((48+(index%2)*620,geo.height*2+index//2*48),expression.label or 'y = '+expression.expression,fill=geo.colors[index],font=font)
diff --git a/backend/app/export/browser_pdf.py b/backend/app/export/browser_pdf.py
index 36022a0..8c00fae 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/browser_pdf.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/browser_pdf.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-"""Print the app's self-contained theme snapshot with a real browser engine.
+"""使用真实浏览器引擎打印应用生成的自包含主题快照。
 
-A child process isolates Playwright's Windows event loop from Uvicorn and keeps
-browser lifecycle scoped to one export. Snapshot scripts/network/file loads are
-blocked; fonts and images must already be embedded by the client.
+子进程隔离 Playwright 在 Windows 上的事件循环与 Uvicorn，并把浏览器生命周期限制在
+单次导出内。快照禁止脚本、网络和文件加载，字体与图片必须由客户端提前内嵌。
 """
 from pathlib import Path
 import os
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@ from app.export.document import ExportResult
 
 
 def browser_executable():
+    """优先使用显式配置，再查找系统已安装的 Chromium 系浏览器。"""
     configured = os.environ.get('APP_PDF_BROWSER')
     if configured:
         return configured
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ def browser_executable():
 
 
 def render_snapshot(snapshot: str, page_size: str) -> ExportResult:
+    """在隔离子进程中打印快照，避免阻塞或污染服务进程的事件循环。"""
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='notes-pdf-') as directory:
         source = Path(directory) / 'snapshot.html'
         output = Path(directory) / 'document.pdf'
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ def render_snapshot(snapshot: str, page_size: str) -> ExportResult:
 
 
 def print_snapshot(source: Path, output: Path, page_size: str):
+    """在离线、禁用 JavaScript 的上下文中将自包含 HTML 打印为 PDF。"""
     from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
     with sync_playwright() as runtime:
         browser = runtime.chromium.launch(executable_path=browser_executable(), headless=True)
diff --git a/backend/app/export/exporters/docx.py b/backend/app/export/exporters/docx.py
index 54bdc79..b045c78 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/exporters/docx.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/exporters/docx.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class DocxExporter:
             with Image.open(BytesIO(png)) as image:
                 section = self._doc.sections[-1]
                 available_width = (section.page_width - section.left_margin - section.right_margin) / 914400
-                # Leave room for Word's containing paragraph line/spacing.
+                # 为 Word 外层段落的行高和间距预留空间，避免图片跨出页面。
                 available_height = (section.page_height - section.top_margin - section.bottom_margin) / 914400 - 0.25
                 width = min(5.8, available_width,
                     image.width / (180 if node.type == 'math_block' else 96),
diff --git a/backend/app/export/exporters/pdf.py b/backend/app/export/exporters/pdf.py
index b771eef..42af3f2 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/exporters/pdf.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/exporters/pdf.py
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ class PdfExporter:
                 parts.append(self._render_inline(child.children, warnings))
             elif hasattr(self, f"_block_{child.type}"):
                 flush()
-                # Keep block content inside the list frame, including tables and callouts.
+                # 表格、警告框等块级内容也要保持在列表缩进框内。
                 story.append(Indenter(left=indent))
                 self._render_block(child, story, warnings)
                 story.append(Indenter(left=-indent))
diff --git a/backend/app/export/fonts.py b/backend/app/export/fonts.py
index df2440f..d74243e 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/fonts.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/fonts.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Embed an available CJK TrueType font; retain the portable CID fallback."""
+"""嵌入可用的 CJK TrueType 字体，找不到时保留可移植的 CID 字体回退。"""
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 from reportlab.pdfbase import pdfmetrics
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from reportlab.pdfbase.ttfonts import TTFont
 from reportlab.pdfbase.cidfonts import UnicodeCIDFont
 
 def register_font():
+    """按显式配置、系统字体、Linux 字体的顺序注册 PDF 中文字体。"""
     candidates = [os.getenv('APP_EXPORT_FONT',''),
         str(Path(os.getenv('WINDIR','C:/Windows'))/'Fonts/simsun.ttc'),
         '/usr/share/fonts/truetype/arphic/uming.ttc']
diff --git a/backend/app/export/markdown.py b/backend/app/export/markdown.py
index 7f83986..521fbf9 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/markdown.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/markdown.py
@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ class _AstMapper:
                 children=self.map_inline(token.get("children", [])),
             )
         if kind == "inline_html":
+            # 保留行内 HTML 的来源标记，仅供 PDF 资源扫描识别 img；最终 HTML 仍由前端净化。
             return DocumentNode(type="text", node_id=self.next_id(), text=token.get("raw", ""), attributes={"raw_html": True})
         if kind == "codespan":
             return DocumentNode(type="codespan", node_id=self.next_id(), text=token.get("raw", ""))
diff --git a/backend/app/export/service.py b/backend/app/export/service.py
index 70c351a..68bd4bc 100644
--- a/backend/app/export/service.py
+++ b/backend/app/export/service.py
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ async def wait_for_export(job_id: str) -> ExportJob | None:
 
 
 async def preview_resources(request: ExportRequest):
-    """Prepare Vault images and vector plots for the shared browser renderer."""
+    """为浏览器渲染器准备通过 Vault 校验的图片和静态函数图。"""
     import base64
     from app.export.assets import enrich_document
     from app.plot.parser import parse_source
@@ -418,6 +418,8 @@ async def preview_resources(request: ExportRequest):
         document = parse_document(markdown)
         images, plots = [], []
         class HtmlImages(HTMLParser):
+            # 原始 HTML 只提取 img.src；路径、扩展名和图片格式仍交给 enrich_document 校验。
+            # 行内代码和代码块在 AST 中不是 HTML 节点，因此不会误当作图片资源。
             def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
                 if tag == 'img':
                     src = dict(attrs).get('src')
diff --git a/backend/app/local_models/runtime.py b/backend/app/local_models/runtime.py
index 63766d1..3c941ca 100644
--- a/backend/app/local_models/runtime.py
+++ b/backend/app/local_models/runtime.py
@@ -241,9 +241,8 @@ class Runtime:
 
 runtime = Runtime()
 
-# Bounded in-memory reuse of deterministic single-text local embeddings. The key
-# includes the data/model location, immutable model revision and frozen runtime
-# configuration. No remote API response or unavailable-model fallback is cached.
+# 对确定性的单文本本地向量做有界内存复用。键包含模型目录、不可变版本和冻结运行配置；
+# 远程 API 响应以及模型不可用时的回退结果都不进入缓存。
 _embedding_cache = OrderedDict()
 _EMBEDDING_CACHE_TTL = 600
 
diff --git a/backend/app/plot_routes.py b/backend/app/plot_routes.py
index 0163820..303118b 100644
--- a/backend/app/plot_routes.py
+++ b/backend/app/plot_routes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Interactive previews use the same bounded parser and geometry as exports."""
+"""交互预览复用导出使用的有界解析器和几何计算。"""
 import asyncio
 from fastapi import APIRouter
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class PlotResponse(BaseModel):
     node_count: int = 0
 
 def preview(request):
+    """同步解析并渲染函数图，供受并发限制的异步路由在线程中调用。"""
     parsed = parse_source(request.source)
     if parsed.plot is None:
         return PlotResponse(diagnostics=parsed.diagnostics)
@@ -30,5 +31,6 @@ def preview(request):
 
 @router.post('/function', response_model=PlotResponse)
 async def render_function(request: PlotRequest):
+    # 绘图属于 CPU 密集任务，限制并发并移入线程，避免阻塞事件循环。
     async with _slots:
         return await asyncio.to_thread(preview, request)
diff --git a/backend/app/retrieval/engine.py b/backend/app/retrieval/engine.py
index bf743a5..82f1008 100644
--- a/backend/app/retrieval/engine.py
+++ b/backend/app/retrieval/engine.py
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ class RetrievalEngine:
             candidate_scores = vec_scores
         else:  # hybrid：RRF 融合
             if request.fusion == 'weighted':
+                # 两路原始分值量纲不同，先各自归一化再等权融合，避免任一路分值范围支配结果。
                 fts_normal = dict(normalize_scores(list(fts_scores.items())))
                 vec_normal = dict(normalize_scores(list(vec_scores.items())))
                 candidate_scores = {bid: .5 * fts_normal.get(bid, 0) + .5 * vec_normal.get(bid, 0)
diff --git a/backend/scripts/phase2-context.py b/backend/scripts/phase2-context.py
index d76ff4b..5f142f8 100644
--- a/backend/scripts/phase2-context.py
+++ b/backend/scripts/phase2-context.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Two bounded live calls for context summary + answer; never changes saved config."""
+"""执行两次有界真实调用完成上下文摘要与回答，不修改已保存配置。"""
 import argparse, asyncio, json, sys
 from pathlib import Path
 sys.path.insert(0,str(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]))
diff --git a/backend/scripts/phase2-integration.py b/backend/scripts/phase2-integration.py
index eac3e85..e6374ff 100644
--- a/backend/scripts/phase2-integration.py
+++ b/backend/scripts/phase2-integration.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-"""Explicit isolated Demo: retrieval → read → three tasks, then real read-only MCP.
+"""显式隔离演示：检索、读取、创建三个任务，再调用真实只读 MCP。
 
-Approves only this run's tasks.write tickets. Requires the quality fixture Vault.
-Calls public API contracts; never writes completion state into SQLite.
+只批准本次运行产生的 tasks.write 权限票据，需要质量验收用 Vault。
+脚本仅调用公共 API 契约，不把伪造的完成状态写入 SQLite。
 """
 import argparse, json, time
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/backend/scripts/phase2-live.py b/backend/scripts/phase2-live.py
index 7ffde97..c89d9b2 100644
--- a/backend/scripts/phase2-live.py
+++ b/backend/scripts/phase2-live.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-"""Bounded real protocol/Agent checks using existing configuration; no secret output.
+"""使用现有配置执行有界的真实协议与 Agent 检查，不输出凭据。
 
-Requires --execute; at most 5 direct model requests plus one 4-case Agent dataset
-(6 steps and 6000 tokens per case). No provisioning or external writes.
+必须显式传入 --execute；最多发起 5 次直接模型请求和一组 4 样本 Agent 评测，
+每个样本最多 6 步、6000 Token。不创建配置，也不执行外部写入。
 """
 import argparse, asyncio, json, sys
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/backend/scripts/phase2-quality.py b/backend/scripts/phase2-quality.py
index 2464344..c8abd4f 100644
--- a/backend/scripts/phase2-quality.py
+++ b/backend/scripts/phase2-quality.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-"""Reproducible real-model quality run in an explicitly isolated APP_DATA_DIR.
+"""在显式隔离的 APP_DATA_DIR 中执行可复现的真实模型质量验证。
 
-Uses the application index/benchmark services. Never injects vectors or completion rows.
-Existing local weights/runtime must be configured; inference does not download models.
+使用应用自身的索引与评测服务，不注入向量或伪造完成记录。
+运行前必须已有本地权重和运行环境，推理过程不会下载模型。
 """
 import argparse
 import asyncio
diff --git a/backend/tests/test_pdf_browser.py b/backend/tests/test_pdf_browser.py
index 531a8fb..c2054c7 100644
--- a/backend/tests/test_pdf_browser.py
+++ b/backend/tests/test_pdf_browser.py
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ def test_preview_resources_keeps_vault_boundary_and_plot_quota_removed():
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(browser_executable() is None,reason='No installed Chromium browser')
 def test_browser_prints_css_without_executing_document_scripts(tmp_path):
-    # The script would erase all text if executed. Embedded CSS and fonts must
-    # survive the browser path while network and file resources stay blocked.
+    # 若脚本被执行会清空正文；测试同时确认 CSS/字体可用且网络、文件资源保持禁用。
     html='<style>h1{color:#875343;font-size:37px} h1::before{content:"Theme "}</style><h1>Snapshot</h1><script>document.body.innerHTML="EXECUTED"</script><img src="file:///private.png">'
     result=render_snapshot(html,'A4')
     assert result.content.startswith(b'%PDF')
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/common/DiagramInteractions.vue b/frontend/src/components/common/DiagramInteractions.vue
index 449630a..87be769 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/common/DiagramInteractions.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/components/common/DiagramInteractions.vue
@@ -222,6 +222,6 @@ function close() { disarm(); viewer.value?.close(); svgHtml.value = ''; opener?.
 </style>
 
 <style>
-/* Keep 10px axis labels readable on narrow screens; the existing container scrolls. */
+/* 窄屏仍保持 10px 坐标轴文字可读，溢出由现有图表容器滚动承接。 */
 .function-plot-preview > svg, .markdown-function-plot > svg { min-width: 640px; }
 </style>
diff --git a/frontend/src/router/index.ts b/frontend/src/router/index.ts
index b583e97..c63469c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/router/index.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/router/index.ts
@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@ const router = createRouter({
 
 router.beforeEach((to) => {
   const workspaceStore = useWorkspaceStore()
-  // A benchmark can run without the workspace UI being open. Its persisted Trace
-  // and permission tickets must remain reachable from the report page.
+  // Benchmark 不依赖工作区界面；报告中的持久化 Trace 和待决权限入口必须仍可访问。
   const existingAgentRun = to.name === 'agent' && Boolean(to.params.runId)
   if (to.meta.requiresVault && !workspaceStore.hasVault && !existingAgentRun) {
     return { path: '/' }
diff --git a/frontend/src/services/benchmarkService.ts b/frontend/src/services/benchmarkService.ts
index cdf66ad..56d2151 100644
--- a/frontend/src/services/benchmarkService.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/services/benchmarkService.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { apiClient } from './apiClient'
 interface RunWire { run_id: string; kind: 'rag' | 'agent'; dataset_id: string; status: string; progress: number | null; config_snapshot: Record<string, unknown>; error_code: string | null }
 export interface BenchmarkRun { id: string; kind: 'rag' | 'agent'; datasetId: string; status: string; progress: number | null; agentId?: string; errorCode: string | null }
 const map = (r: RunWire): BenchmarkRun => ({ id: r.run_id, kind: r.kind, datasetId: r.dataset_id, status: r.status, progress: r.progress, agentId: r.config_snapshot.active_agent_run_id as string | undefined, errorCode: r.error_code })
+// 保留运行配置中的 Agent Run ID，使报告页可直接进入对应 Trace 和权限处理入口。
 export const benchmarkService = {
   async datasets(kind: 'rag' | 'agent') {
     const r = await apiClient.get<{ items: { dataset_id: string; description: string; case_count: number }[] }>('/api/benchmarks/datasets', { params: { kind } })
diff --git a/frontend/src/services/exportService.ts b/frontend/src/services/exportService.ts
index c0668fd..7c9176f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/services/exportService.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/services/exportService.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ interface JobWire {
 export interface ExportJob { id: string; status: JobWire['status']; warnings: string[]; error: string | null; fileName?: string }
 const mapJob = (w: JobWire): ExportJob => ({ id: w.job_id, status: w.status, warnings: w.warnings, error: w.error, fileName: w.file?.file_name })
 export type ExportPalette = Record<'page' | 'surface' | 'text' | 'muted' | 'code' | 'border' | 'accent', string>
+// 冻结导出开始时的主题颜色，避免后台兼容渲染受到后续主题切换影响。
 export function captureExportPalette(): ExportPalette | undefined {
   const style = getComputedStyle(document.documentElement)
   const tokens = { page:'background-primary', surface:'surface-primary', text:'text-primary', muted:'text-secondary', code:'background-secondary', border:'border-default', accent:'accent-primary' }
@@ -20,8 +21,7 @@ export function captureExportPalette(): ExportPalette | undefined {
     if (/^#[0-9a-f]{3}$/i.test(value)) return [key, '#' + [...value.slice(1)].map(c => c+c).join('')]
     const rgb = value.match(/^rgb\(\s*(\d+)[, ]+\s*(\d+)[, ]+\s*(\d+)\s*\)$/)
     if (rgb) return [key, '#' + rgb.slice(1,4).map(v => Number(v).toString(16).padStart(2,'0')).join('')]
-    // Resolve named colors, color-mix/OKLCH and alpha through the browser's
-    // color implementation before freezing a portable RGB palette.
+    // 借助浏览器解析命名色、color-mix、OKLCH 和透明色，再冻结为可移植 RGB 色板。
     if (typeof CSS !== 'undefined' && CSS.supports('color', value)) {
       const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = canvas.height = 1
       const context = canvas.getContext('2d')
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ export function captureExportPalette(): ExportPalette | undefined {
   return entries.every(([,value]) => value) ? Object.fromEntries(entries) as ExportPalette : undefined
 }
 export async function rasterize(svg: string, signal?: AbortSignal, unlimited = false, background = '#ffffff'): Promise<string> {
+  // 非 PDF 格式保留像素预算和解码超时；PDF 的自包含快照解除资源配额。
   const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString(svg, 'image/svg+xml')
   const root = doc.documentElement
   const box = root.getAttribute('viewBox')?.split(/[ ,]+/).map(Number)
@@ -86,8 +87,7 @@ export const exportService = {
       assets.push({ kind: 'mermaid', source_hash: await hashSource(source), png_base64: await rasterize(result.svg, signal, pdf, pdf ? options.palette?.surface ?? (['dark','midnight-purple'].includes(options.theme_id) ? '#161b22' : '#ffffff') : '#ffffff') })
     }
     signal?.throwIfAborted()
-    // Keep the response handle when cancellation arrives during submission:
-    // aborting HTTP alone could leave an undiscoverable running server job.
+    // 提交期间收到取消时仍等待服务器返回任务句柄；只中断 HTTP 会遗留无法追踪的后台任务。
     const job = mapJob(await apiClient.post<JobWire>('/api/exports', { source: { type: 'markdown', markdown, file_path: filePath }, title, format, options, assets, ...(printHtml ? { print_html:printHtml } : {}) }))
     if (signal?.aborted) {
       await apiClient.post(`/api/exports/${encodeURIComponent(job.id)}/cancel`)
diff --git a/frontend/src/services/functionPlotService.ts b/frontend/src/services/functionPlotService.ts
index 2cc8700..68637c6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/services/functionPlotService.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/services/functionPlotService.ts
@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ interface PlotWire {
 }
 const cache = new Map<string, Promise<{ svg: string; warnings: string[]; nodeCount: number }>>()
 export function renderFunctionPlot(source: string, themeId = 'light') {
+  // 缓存 Promise 既合并并发的相同请求，也避免重复渲染；失败结果立即移除以允许重试。
   const key = JSON.stringify([source, themeId])
   if (cache.has(key)) return cache.get(key)!
   const result = apiClient.post<PlotWire>('/api/plots/function', { source, theme_id: themeId }, { timeoutMs: 30000 }).then(wire => ({
+    // 后端只生成静态 SVG，前端仍在渲染边界执行净化，防止未来响应扩展引入可执行标记。
     svg: DOMPurify.sanitize(wire.result?.content ?? '', { USE_PROFILES: { svg: true } }),
     warnings: [...wire.diagnostics.map(d => `${d.message}${d.line ? ` (行 ${d.line})` : ''}`), ...(wire.result?.warnings ?? [])],
     nodeCount: wire.node_count,
diff --git a/frontend/src/services/pdfSnapshotService.ts b/frontend/src/services/pdfSnapshotService.ts
index e7a1284..dacb25d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/services/pdfSnapshotService.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/services/pdfSnapshotService.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { mermaidThemeVariables } from './mermaidService'
 import { useThemeStore } from '@/stores/theme'
 import { useMarkdownPreferencesStore } from '@/stores/markdownPreferences'
 import { useHeadingAppearanceStore } from '@/stores/headingAppearance'
-// Load the same CSS, including Vue's scoped editor rules, without mounting an editor.
+// 仅加载编辑器及 Markdown 组件的样式，包括 Vue scoped 规则，不额外挂载编辑器实例。
 import MarkdownContent from '@/components/common/MarkdownContent.vue'
 import VisualMarkdownEditor from '@/features/editor/VisualMarkdownEditor.vue'
 void MarkdownContent; void VisualMarkdownEditor
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ async function dataUrl(url: string, signal?:AbortSignal):Promise<string> {
   return await new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{const reader=new FileReader();reader.onload=()=>resolve(String(reader.result));reader.onerror=reject;reader.readAsDataURL(blob)})
 }
 async function embedCss(css: string, base: string, signal?:AbortSignal) {
+  // 打印进程完全离线，主题资源必须来自应用同源地址并在此转换为 data URL。
   const matches=[...css.matchAll(/url\(\s*(['"]?)(.*?)\1\s*\)/g)]
   for(const match of matches) {
     const url=match[2]!
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ function stylesheetSnapshot(): {css:string;base:string}[] {
 }
 
 export async function preparePdfSnapshot(markdown:string,title:string,options:Options,signal?:AbortSignal,filePath?:string):Promise<string> {
+  // 在任何异步资源请求前冻结主题、排版和编辑器内容，保证产物对应点击导出时的状态。
   signal?.throwIfAborted()
   const theme=useThemeStore(), preferences={...useMarkdownPreferencesStore().normalized}, heading=useHeadingAppearanceStore()
   if(theme.currentThemeId && theme.currentThemeId!==options.theme_id)throw Error('主题在导出准备期间发生变化，请重新导出。')
@@ -76,8 +78,9 @@ export async function preparePdfSnapshot(markdown:string,title:string,options:Op
   const metadata=splitNoteMetadata(markdown)
   const body=metadata?.body ?? markdown
   const scope=scopeAttributes(VisualMarkdownEditor)
-  // Match the editor DOM and scoped styles, with read-only metadata controls.
+  // 复用编辑器 DOM 与 scoped 样式；元数据只输出展示内容，不携带编辑控件。
   const metadataHtml=metadata ? `<section class="note-metadata"${scope} aria-label="${escape(t('笔记属性','Note properties'))}"><span class="metadata-caption"${scope}>${escape(t('笔记属性','Note properties'))}</span>${metadata.title ? `<h1${scope}>${escape(metadata.title)}</h1>` : ''}<div class="metadata-tags"${scope}><span class="metadata-label"${scope}>${escape(t('标签','Tags'))}</span>${metadata.tags.map(tag=>`<span class="metadata-tag"${scope}><span${scope}>${escape(tag)}</span></span>`).join('')}</div></section>` : ''
+  // 仅含元数据的笔记没有正文资源，跳过请求可避免空 Markdown 触发接口的 422 校验。
   const resources:Resources=body.trim() ? await apiClient.post<Resources>('/api/exports/preview-resources',{format:'pdf',source:{type:'markdown',markdown:body,file_path:filePath},options}) : {images:[],plots:[]}
   signal?.throwIfAborted()
   const rendered=await renderMarkdown(body,{themeId:options.theme_id,theme:dark?'dark':'light',preferences,pdf:{mermaidVariables:diagramVariables,plot:async source=>{
@@ -91,10 +94,9 @@ export async function preparePdfSnapshot(markdown:string,title:string,options:Op
     if(!resource?.data)throw Error(resource?.warnings.join('; ')||`PDF 图片无法读取：${source}`)
     image.src=resource.data
   }
-  // Print all callout content and remove only interactive tools, not decoration.
+  // 打印全部警告框内容，只移除交互控件，保留主题装饰。
   fragment.querySelectorAll('details').forEach(d=>d.open=true)
-  // The workspace uses blockquotes for callouts. Preserve that DOM contract so
-  // editor-specific theme selectors apply, including spacing and decoration.
+  // 工作区使用 blockquote 表示警告框；保持相同 DOM 契约，让间距和装饰选择器继续生效。
   fragment.querySelectorAll('.markdown-callout:not(blockquote)').forEach(details=>{
     const block=fragment.createElement('blockquote')
     for(const attribute of [...details.attributes])if(attribute.name!=='open')block.setAttribute(attribute.name,attribute.value)
diff --git a/frontend/src/styles/tokens.css b/frontend/src/styles/tokens.css
index 25a94f6..f4dff2c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/styles/tokens.css
+++ b/frontend/src/styles/tokens.css
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ ol {
   --color-border-disabled: #eadfc4;
 }
 
-/* Function plot tokens inherit all installed themes, including custom packages. */
+/* 函数图颜色继承所有已安装主题，也允许自定义主题包覆盖这些 Token。 */
 :root {
   --color-plot-background: var(--color-surface-primary);
   --color-plot-text: var(--color-text-primary);
diff --git a/frontend/src/utils/markdown.ts b/frontend/src/utils/markdown.ts
index 4614f0f..2cdcb66 100644
--- a/frontend/src/utils/markdown.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/utils/markdown.ts
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ export async function renderMarkdown(source: string, options?: { themeId?: strin
 
   for (const code of documentNode.querySelectorAll('pre > code')) {
     const requestedLanguage = [...code.classList].find((name) => name.startsWith('language-'))?.slice(9) || 'text'
+    // Mermaid 与函数图共用静态图表管线；兼容旧的 function_plot 围栏写法。
     const diagramKind = requestedLanguage.toLowerCase().split(/\s+/)[0]!.replace('function_plot','function-plot')
     if (['mermaid', 'function-plot'].includes(diagramKind) && preferences.diagrams) {
       mermaidBlocks.push({ pre: code.parentElement!, source: code.textContent ?? '', kind: diagramKind })
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ export async function renderMarkdown(source: string, options?: { themeId?: strin
   let plotCount = 0, plotNodes = 0
   for (const { pre, source, kind } of mermaidBlocks) {
     try {
+      // 交互预览保持数量和 AST 复杂度预算；PDF 已在隔离渲染链路中按需求解除限制。
       if (!options?.pdf && kind === 'function-plot' && ++plotCount > 16) throw new Error('函数图像数量超过 16')
       const result = kind === 'function-plot' ? (options?.pdf ? await options.pdf.plot(source) : await renderFunctionPlot(source, options?.themeId)) : await renderMermaid(source, { theme: options?.theme, mode: 'static', ...(options?.pdf ? { unlimited:true, themeVariables:options.pdf.mermaidVariables } : {}) })
       if (!options?.pdf && 'nodeCount' in result && (plotNodes += Number(result.nodeCount)) > 8000) throw new Error('函数图像累计复杂度超过 8000')