feat(sandbox): bind managed requests to pinned runtime identities

judge/crates/sandbox/src/image.rs

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl ImageCatalog {
             .validate_for_language(language)
             .map_err(|_| refused())?;
         if self.format_version != 2
-            || self.architecture != "x86_64"
+            || self.architecture != "x86_64_v3"
             || self.image_kind != identity.image_kind
             || self.image_revision != identity.image_revision
             || self.toolchain_id != identity.toolchain_id
@@ -143,6 +143,9 @@ pub(crate) fn verify(image: &OwnedFd, identity: &RuntimeIdentity, bytes: &[u8])
     }
     let catalog: ImageCatalog = serde_json::from_slice(bytes).map_err(|_| refused())?;
     catalog.validate(identity)?;
+    if !compatible_cpu() {
+        return Err(refused());
+    }
     let mut files: BTreeMap<_, _> = catalog.files.iter().map(|f| (f.path.as_str(), f)).collect();
     let mut dirs: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> =
         catalog.directories.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
@@ -156,6 +159,29 @@ pub(crate) fn verify(image: &OwnedFd, identity: &RuntimeIdentity, bytes: &[u8])
     }
     Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Fixed images include an x86-64-v3 support-library closure. Detect the actual
+/// processor/OS AVX support in Root, before the first image binary is executed.
+#[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
+fn compatible_cpu() -> bool {
+    std::is_x86_feature_detected!("sse3")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("ssse3")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("sse4.1")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("sse4.2")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("popcnt")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("avx")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("avx2")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("bmi1")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("bmi2")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("fma")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("f16c")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("lzcnt")
+        && std::is_x86_feature_detected!("cmpxchg16b")
+}
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "x86_64"))]
+fn compatible_cpu() -> bool {
+    false
+}
 fn walk<'a>(
     directory: &OwnedFd,
     prefix: &str,

judge/crates/sandbox/src/isolation/seccomp.rs

@@ -267,7 +267,11 @@ pub(crate) fn compile(profile: ExecutionProfile) -> io::Result<BpfProgram> {
         rules(
             ioctls
                 .into_iter()
-                .map(|op| Ok(vec![condition(1, SeccompCmpOp::Eq, op)?]))
+                // Linux request numbers occupy 32 bits. musl exposes them as
+                // signed int (including TCGETS2's high bit), glibc as u64.
+                // Reinterpret that fixed bit pattern, never sign-extend it into
+                // an allowed high-word ioctl bypass.
+                .map(|op| Ok(vec![condition(1, SeccompCmpOp::Eq, u64::from(op as u32))?]))
                 .collect::<io::Result<_>>()?,
         )?,
     );

judge/crates/sandbox/src/runtime.rs

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl ValidatedRuntimeConfig {
     pub fn spec_policy(&self) -> SpecPolicy {
         SpecPolicy::with_limits_ceiling(self.0.per_task_ceiling.clone())
             .expect("validated immutable limits ceiling")
-            .for_image(self.0.image_kind)
+            .for_image(self.0.image_kind, self.0.runtime_identity.clone())
     }
 
     /// Slot mapping only; the supervisor must lease slots until the old task

judge/crates/sandbox/src/spec.rs

@@ -152,6 +152,10 @@ pub struct InputArtifact {
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct ExecutionSpec {
     pub schema_version: SchemaVersion,
+    /// Bind a managed request to the operator's exact immutable image. Omission
+    /// preserves the original GNU v1 wire bytes, never managed authority.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub runtime_identity: Option<kf_contracts::judging_v2::RuntimeIdentity>,
     pub run_id: String,
     pub profile: ExecutionProfile,
     pub argv: Vec<String>,
@@ -172,6 +176,7 @@ pub struct ExecutionSpec {
 pub struct SpecPolicy {
     limits_ceiling: ResourceLimits,
     image_kind: Option<crate::runtime::ImageKind>,
+    runtime_identity: Option<kf_contracts::judging_v2::RuntimeIdentity>,
 }
 
 impl Default for SpecPolicy {
@@ -179,6 +184,7 @@ impl Default for SpecPolicy {
         Self {
             limits_ceiling: ResourceLimits::ceilings(),
             image_kind: None,
+            runtime_identity: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -189,11 +195,17 @@ impl SpecPolicy {
         Ok(Self {
             limits_ceiling: limits,
             image_kind: None,
+            runtime_identity: None,
         })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn for_image(mut self, kind: crate::runtime::ImageKind) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn for_image(
+        mut self,
+        kind: crate::runtime::ImageKind,
+        identity: Option<kf_contracts::judging_v2::RuntimeIdentity>,
+    ) -> Self {
         self.image_kind = Some(kind);
+        self.runtime_identity = identity;
         self
     }
 }
@@ -235,6 +247,7 @@ impl ValidatedSpec {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
 pub enum ValidationCode {
+    InvalidRuntimeIdentity,
     InvalidIdentifier,
     InvalidArgv,
     UnsupportedExecutable,
@@ -354,6 +367,30 @@ fn validate_limits(limits: &ResourceLimits, cap: &ResourceLimits) -> Result<(),
 impl ExecutionSpec {
     pub fn validate(self, policy: &SpecPolicy) -> Result<ValidatedSpec, SpecError> {
         identifier(&self.run_id, "run_id")?;
+        let language = match self.profile {
+            ExecutionProfile::Native | ExecutionProfile::CompileC => {
+                kf_contracts::judging_v2::Language::C17
+            }
+            ExecutionProfile::CompileCpp => kf_contracts::judging_v2::Language::Cpp20,
+            ExecutionProfile::PythonCheck | ExecutionProfile::PythonRun => {
+                kf_contracts::judging_v2::Language::Python313
+            }
+            ExecutionProfile::JavaCompile | ExecutionProfile::JavaRun => {
+                kf_contracts::judging_v2::Language::Java21
+            }
+        };
+        if self.profile.managed_runtime() && self.runtime_identity.is_none()
+            || self
+                .runtime_identity
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_some_and(|identity| identity.validate_for_language(language).is_err())
+            || policy.image_kind.is_some() && self.runtime_identity != policy.runtime_identity
+        {
+            return Err(error(
+                "runtime_identity",
+                ValidationCode::InvalidRuntimeIdentity,
+            ));
+        }
         if self.argv.is_empty()
             || self.argv.len() > 128
             || self

judge/crates/sandbox/tests/managed_cpu_vm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#![cfg(all(target_os = "linux", feature = "vm-acceptance"))]
+//! Run in a separate guest with AVX2 masked, using the ordinary Root binary.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+mod support;
+use kf_contracts::judging_v2::RuntimeIdentity;
+use kf_sandbox::{
+    image::{ImageCatalog, catalog_digest},
+    profiles,
+    runtime::ImageKind,
+    spec::{ExecutionProfile, ExecutionSpec, InputArtifact, ResourceLimits},
+};
+use std::{fs, os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt, path::PathBuf, process::Command};
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "independent capped VM, actual CPU lacks AVX2; no host runtime execution"]
+fn insufficient_actual_cpu_refuses_before_image_execution() {
+    support::require_vm();
+    assert!(!std::is_x86_feature_detected!("avx2"));
+    let dir = PathBuf::from(format!("/kf/cpu-refusal-{}", std::process::id()));
+    fs::create_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+    fs::set_permissions(&dir, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700)).unwrap();
+    for name in ["inputs", "outputs"] {
+        fs::create_dir(dir.join(name)).unwrap();
+    }
+    let mut root = support::Root::new();
+    root.config.max_concurrent_runs = 1;
+    root.config.identities.count = 1;
+    root.config.image_kind = ImageKind::LinuxCPython313X86_64V1;
+    root.config.image_root = "/var/lib/kf-judge/images/python313".into();
+    let data = fs::read(format!("{}/manifest.json", root.config.image_root)).unwrap();
+    let catalog: ImageCatalog = serde_json::from_slice(&data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(catalog.architecture, "x86_64_v3");
+    let identity = RuntimeIdentity {
+        toolchain_id: catalog.toolchain_id.clone(),
+        image_kind: catalog.image_kind,
+        image_revision: catalog.image_revision,
+        image_digest: catalog_digest(&data),
+        runtime_version: catalog.runtime_version.clone(),
+    };
+    catalog.validate(&identity).unwrap();
+    root.config.runtime_identity = Some(identity.clone());
+    root.config.clone().validate().unwrap();
+    let limits = ResourceLimits::for_profile(ExecutionProfile::PythonRun);
+    let request = ExecutionSpec {
+        schema_version: kf_contracts::SchemaVersion,
+        runtime_identity: Some(identity),
+        run_id: "cpu-unsupported".into(),
+        profile: ExecutionProfile::PythonRun,
+        argv: profiles::argv(ExecutionProfile::PythonRun, &limits).unwrap(),
+        env: Default::default(),
+        cwd: ".".into(),
+        inputs: vec![InputArtifact {
+            artifact_id: "source".into(),
+            path: "main.py".into(),
+        }],
+        stdin_artifact: None,
+        outputs: vec![],
+        limits,
+    };
+    request
+        .clone()
+        .validate(&root.validated().spec_policy())
+        .unwrap();
+    for (name, bytes) in [
+        ("runtime.json", serde_json::to_vec(&root.config).unwrap()),
+        ("spec.json", serde_json::to_vec(&request).unwrap()),
+        (
+            "inputs/source",
+            b"raise AssertionError('incompatible runtime executed')\n".to_vec(),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        fs::write(dir.join(name), bytes).unwrap();
+        fs::set_permissions(dir.join(name), fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600)).unwrap();
+    }
+    let output = Command::new(std::env::var_os("KF_SANDBOX_PRODUCTION_BIN").unwrap())
+        .env_clear()
+        .args(["run", "--config"])
+        .arg(dir.join("runtime.json"))
+        .arg("--spec")
+        .arg(dir.join("spec.json"))
+        .arg("--artifacts")
+        .arg(dir.join("inputs"))
+        .arg("--output")
+        .arg(dir.join("outputs"))
+        .output()
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(output.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(output.stdout.is_empty());
+    let refused: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stderr).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(refused["error"], "runtime_not_ready");
+    assert!(refused["cleanup_failure"].is_null());
+    assert_eq!(fs::read_dir(dir.join("outputs")).unwrap().count(), 0);
+    for name in ["tasks", "identities", "captures"] {
+        let path = PathBuf::from("/var/lib/kf-judge").join(name);
+        if path.exists() {
+            assert_eq!(fs::read_dir(path).unwrap().count(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(
+        !fs::read_dir(&root.path).unwrap().any(|entry| entry
+            .unwrap()
+            .file_type()
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_dir())
+    );
+    println!(
+        "KF_ACTUAL_CPU_REFUSAL_PROOF {}",
+        serde_json::json!({"actual_avx2":false,"image_architecture":catalog.architecture,"identity":request.runtime_identity,"refusal":refused,"publication_empty":true,"owned_resources_zero":true})
+    );
+    fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+}

judge/crates/sandbox/tests/managed_profiles.rs

@@ -6,10 +6,39 @@ use kf_sandbox::{
     spec::*,
 };
 
+fn identity(profile: ExecutionProfile) -> RuntimeIdentity {
+    let python = matches!(
+        profile,
+        ExecutionProfile::PythonCheck | ExecutionProfile::PythonRun
+    );
+    RuntimeIdentity {
+        toolchain_id: (if python {
+            "cpython313-v1"
+        } else {
+            "openjdk21-v1"
+        })
+        .to_owned()
+        .try_into()
+        .unwrap(),
+        image_kind: if python {
+            ContractKind::CPython313
+        } else {
+            ContractKind::OpenJdk21
+        },
+        image_revision: 1,
+        image_digest: "a".repeat(64).try_into().unwrap(),
+        runtime_version: (if python { "3.13.16" } else { "21.0.12.1+1-LTS" })
+            .to_owned()
+            .try_into()
+            .unwrap(),
+    }
+}
+
 fn request(profile: ExecutionProfile) -> ExecutionSpec {
     let limits = ResourceLimits::for_profile(profile);
     ExecutionSpec {
         schema_version: kf_contracts::SchemaVersion,
+        runtime_identity: Some(identity(profile)),
         run_id: "managed-policy".into(),
         profile,
         argv: profiles::argv(profile, &limits).unwrap(),
@@ -46,6 +75,68 @@ fn request(profile: ExecutionProfile) -> ExecutionSpec {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn managed_requests_bind_the_exact_operator_identity() {
+    let legacy: RuntimeConfig = serde_json::from_str(include_str!(
+        "../../../../deploy/sandbox.runtime.example.json"
+    ))
+    .unwrap();
+    for (profile, kind) in [
+        (
+            ExecutionProfile::PythonRun,
+            ImageKind::LinuxCPython313X86_64V1,
+        ),
+        (ExecutionProfile::JavaRun, ImageKind::LinuxOpenJdk21X86_64V1),
+    ] {
+        let mut config = legacy.clone();
+        config.image_kind = kind;
+        config.runtime_identity = Some(identity(profile));
+        let policy = config.validate().unwrap().spec_policy();
+        let original = request(profile);
+        assert!(original.clone().validate(&policy).is_ok());
+        let mut missing = original.clone();
+        missing.runtime_identity = None;
+        assert_eq!(
+            missing.validate(&policy).unwrap_err().code,
+            ValidationCode::InvalidRuntimeIdentity
+        );
+        for field in ["digest", "revision", "version", "kind", "toolchain"] {
+            let mut wrong = original.clone();
+            let id = wrong.runtime_identity.as_mut().unwrap();
+            match field {
+                "digest" => id.image_digest = "b".repeat(64).try_into().unwrap(),
+                "revision" => id.image_revision += 1,
+                "version" => id.runtime_version = "21.0.99+1-LTS".to_owned().try_into().unwrap(),
+                "kind" => id.image_kind = ContractKind::GnuCxx,
+                "toolchain" => id.toolchain_id = "gnu-cxx-v1".to_owned().try_into().unwrap(),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                wrong.validate(&policy).unwrap_err().code,
+                ValidationCode::InvalidRuntimeIdentity,
+                "{field}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    let request: ExecutionSpec =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("fixtures/spec.valid.json")).unwrap();
+    assert!(request.runtime_identity.is_none());
+    assert!(
+        !serde_json::to_string(&request)
+            .unwrap()
+            .contains("runtime_identity")
+    );
+    assert!(
+        request
+            .clone()
+            .validate(&legacy.validate().unwrap().spec_policy())
+            .is_ok()
+    );
+    let mut wrong = request;
+    wrong.runtime_identity = Some(identity(ExecutionProfile::PythonRun));
+    assert!(wrong.validate(&SpecPolicy::default()).is_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn commands_environment_and_source_or_class_sets_are_closed() {
     for profile in [

judge/crates/sandbox/tests/managed_runtime_vm.rs

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ impl Fixture {
         limits.wall_time_us = 60_000_000;
         ExecutionSpec {
             schema_version: kf_contracts::SchemaVersion,
+            runtime_identity: self.root.config.runtime_identity.clone(),
             run_id: id.into(),
             profile,
             argv: profiles::argv(profile, &limits).unwrap(),
@@ -261,7 +262,124 @@ impl Fixture {
     fn stdout(&self, id: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
         fs::read(self.dir.join("outputs").join(id).join("stdout")).unwrap()
     }
+    fn java_program(&self, source: &[u8], id: &str) -> ExecutionSpec {
+        self.input("source", source);
+        let compile = self.request(id, ExecutionProfile::JavaCompile);
+        let result = self.execute(&compile);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["outcome"],
+            serde_json::json!({"kind":"exited","code":0})
+        );
+        let mut run = self.request("java-bound-run", ExecutionProfile::JavaRun);
+        run.inputs.clear();
+        for (index, artifact) in result["report"]["artifacts"]
+            .as_array()
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+        {
+            let id = format!("class-{index}");
+            self.input(
+                &id,
+                &fs::read(
+                    self.dir
+                        .join("outputs")
+                        .join(&compile.run_id)
+                        .join(format!("artifact-{index}")),
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            );
+            run.inputs.push(InputArtifact {
+                artifact_id: id,
+                path: artifact["path"].as_str().unwrap().into(),
+            });
+        }
+        run
+    }
+    fn cancel_through_ordinary_peer(&self, spec: &ExecutionSpec) {
+        // The independent fixture controller is a bounded ordinary UID client.
+        // Only the default Root helper performs privileged task operations.
+        fs::set_permissions(&self.dir, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o711)).unwrap();
+        let inputs = self.dir.join("inputs");
+        std::os::unix::fs::chown(&inputs, Some(1000), Some(1000)).unwrap();
+        fs::set_permissions(&inputs, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700)).unwrap();
+        for entry in fs::read_dir(&inputs).unwrap() {
+            let path = entry.unwrap().path();
+            std::os::unix::fs::chown(&path, Some(1000), Some(1000)).unwrap();
+            fs::set_permissions(&path, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600)).unwrap();
+        }
+        let wire = self.dir.join("wire.json");
+        fs::write(
+            &wire,
+            serde_json::to_vec(&serde_json::json!({"spec":spec})).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        std::os::unix::fs::chown(&wire, Some(1000), Some(1000)).unwrap();
+        fs::set_permissions(&wire, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600)).unwrap();
+        let socket = self.dir.join("socket");
+        let mut helper = Command::new(std::env::var_os("KF_SANDBOX_PRODUCTION_BIN").unwrap())
+            .env_clear()
+            .args(["serve-one", "--config"])
+            .arg(&self.config)
+            .arg("--socket")
+            .arg(&socket)
+            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+            .spawn()
+            .unwrap();
+        let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(15);
+        while !fs::metadata(&socket).is_ok_and(|m| m.mode() & 0o777 == 0o660) {
+            assert!(
+                helper.try_wait().unwrap().is_none(),
+                "helper failed before peer publication"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                std::time::Instant::now() < deadline,
+                "bounded helper publication"
+            );
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+        }
+        let client = Command::new("/kf/bin/managed-disconnect")
+            .env_clear()
+            .arg(&socket)
+            .arg(&inputs)
+            .arg(&wire)
+            .output()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(client.status.success(), "ordinary controller failed");
+        let output = helper.wait_with_output().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            output.status.success(),
+            "{}",
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+        );
+        let result: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["report"]["cleanup"], "complete");
+        assert_eq!(result["report"]["errors"], serde_json::json!([]));
+        assert_eq!(result["report"]["limits"], serde_json::json!([]));
+        assert!(
+            result["report"]["cancelled_at_wall_time_us"]
+                .as_u64()
+                .unwrap()
+                > 0
+        );
+        // Marker comes from actual user main after runtime bootstrap, so a
+        // cancelled preparation alone cannot pass this execution test.
+        assert!(
+            result["report"]["stdout"]["retained_bytes"]
+                .as_u64()
+                .unwrap()
+                >= 5
+        );
+        assert!(!socket.exists());
+        self.empty();
+        println!(
+            "KF_MANAGED_PEER_CANCEL_PROOF {}",
+            serde_json::json!({"ordinary_uid":1000,"profile":spec.profile,"identity":spec.runtime_identity,"spec":spec,"result":result,"owned_resources_zero":true})
+        );
+    }
     fn image_refusals(&mut self, spec: &ExecutionSpec, binary: &str) {
+        self.identity_refusals(spec);
         let image = PathBuf::from(&self.root.config.image_root);
         let executable = image.join(binary);
         let backup = self.dir.join("trusted-runtime-backup");
@@ -307,6 +425,19 @@ impl Fixture {
             self.root.config.image_root
         );
     }
+    fn identity_refusals(&self, spec: &ExecutionSpec) {
+        let mut wrong = spec.clone();
+        wrong.runtime_identity = None;
+        self.reject(&wrong, "invalid_execution_spec");
+        let mut wrong = spec.clone();
+        wrong.runtime_identity.as_mut().unwrap().image_digest = "d".repeat(64).try_into().unwrap();
+        self.reject(&wrong, "invalid_execution_spec");
+        let mut wrong = spec.clone();
+        wrong.runtime_identity.as_mut().unwrap().runtime_version =
+            "1.0.0".to_owned().try_into().unwrap();
+        self.reject(&wrong, "invalid_execution_spec");
+        println!("KF_MANAGED_REQUEST_IDENTITY_STATUS=0");
+    }
     fn empty(&self) {
         for name in ["tasks", "captures", "identities"] {
             let p = PathBuf::from("/var/lib/kf-judge").join(name);
@@ -413,3 +544,163 @@ fn java_profile_compiles_class_set_and_runs_same_set() {
     f.reject(&wrong, "invalid_execution_spec");
     f.image_refusals(&wrong, "usr/lib/jvm/bin/java");
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "malicious and overlimit code only in an independent no-NIC/no-share capped VM"]
+fn python_isolation_and_kernel_limits_have_actual_evidence() {
+    let f = Fixture::new("python313", ImageKind::LinuxCPython313X86_64V1);
+    f.input("source", br#"import ctypes, errno, os, socket
+libc = ctypes.CDLL(None, use_errno=True)
+assert os.geteuid() != 0
+for number, args in [(41,(2,1,0)),(101,(0,0,0,0)),(165,(0,0,0,0,0)),(308,(-1,0)),(272,(0x10000000,)),(321,(0,0,0)),(126,(0,0)),(62,(os.getpid(),0))]:
+    ctypes.set_errno(0)
+    assert libc.syscall(number,*args) == -1, number
+    assert ctypes.get_errno() == errno.EPERM, (number,ctypes.get_errno())
+try:
+    socket.socket()
+    raise AssertionError('network allowed')
+except PermissionError:
+    pass
+for path in ['/kf/INDEPENDENT_VM','/var/lib/kf-judge','/root/.ssh','/home/kronecker','/proc/1/root/kf/INDEPENDENT_VM']:
+    assert not os.path.exists(path), path
+try:
+    open('/usr/lib/python3.13/os.py','wb')
+    raise AssertionError('image writable')
+except OSError:
+    pass
+print('python-isolation-ok')
+"#);
+    let result = f.execute(&f.request("py-isolation", ExecutionProfile::PythonRun));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result["outcome"],
+        serde_json::json!({"kind":"exited","code":0})
+    );
+    assert_eq!(f.stdout("py-isolation"), b"python-isolation-ok\n");
+    for (id, source, primary) in [
+        ("py-cpu", b"print('cpu-ready',flush=True)\nwhile True: pass\n".as_slice(), "cpu_time"),
+        ("py-memory", b"print('memory-ready',flush=True)\na=[]\nwhile True: a.append(bytearray(8*1024*1024))\n".as_slice(), "memory"),
+        ("py-output", b"import os\nwhile True: os.write(1,b'x'*65536)\n".as_slice(), "stdout"),
+    ] {
+        f.input("source", source);
+        let mut spec = f.request(id, ExecutionProfile::PythonRun);
+        if primary == "cpu_time" {
+            spec.limits.cpu_time_us = 2_000_000;
+            spec.limits.wall_time_us = 10_000_000;
+        }
+        spec.limits.stdout_bytes = 4096;
+        let result = f.execute(&spec);
+        assert_eq!(result["outcome"], serde_json::json!({"kind":"limit_exceeded","primary":primary}));
+        assert!(result["report"]["usage"]["cpu_time_us"]["value"].as_u64().is_some());
+        assert!(result["report"]["usage"]["memory_peak_bytes"]["value"].as_u64().is_some());
+        if primary == "memory" {
+            assert!(result["report"]["usage"]["memory_events"]["value"]["oom_kill"].as_u64().unwrap() > 0);
+        }
+    }
+    f.input(
+        "source",
+        b"raise MemoryError('OutOfMemoryError: user text')\n",
+    );
+    let result = f.execute(&f.request("py-user-oom", ExecutionProfile::PythonRun));
+    assert_eq!(result["outcome"]["code"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(result["report"]["limits"], serde_json::json!([]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result["report"]["usage"]["memory_events"]["value"]["oom_kill"],
+        0
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "JVM security, threads and real cgroup OOM only in an independent capped VM"]
+fn java_isolation_and_whole_jvm_limits_have_actual_evidence() {
+    let f = Fixture::new("java21", ImageKind::LinuxOpenJdk21X86_64V1);
+    let program = f.java_program(br#"import java.io.*; import java.net.*; import java.nio.file.*; import java.lang.reflect.*; import sun.misc.Unsafe;
+public class Main {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+  String mode = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)).readLine();
+  if (mode.equals("normal")) {
+   if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()!=1) throw new AssertionError("cpu ergonomics");
+   if (Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory()>224L*1024*1024) throw new AssertionError("heap ergonomics");
+   try { new ServerSocket(0); throw new AssertionError("network allowed"); } catch(IOException | ExceptionInInitializerError expected) { Throwable cause=expected; while(cause.getCause()!=null) cause=cause.getCause(); if(!(cause instanceof IOException) || !cause.getMessage().contains("Operation not permitted")) throw expected; }
+   for(String p:new String[]{"/kf/INDEPENDENT_VM","/var/lib/kf-judge","/root/.ssh","/home/kronecker"}) if(Files.exists(Path.of(p))) throw new AssertionError("host visible");
+   try { Files.write(Path.of("/usr/lib/jvm/release"),new byte[]{1}); throw new AssertionError("image writable"); } catch(IOException expected) {}
+   System.out.println("java-isolation-ok");
+  } else if(mode.equals("fake-oom")) { throw new OutOfMemoryError("user controlled");
+  } else if(mode.equals("cpu")) { System.out.println("cpu-ready"); long x=0; while(true) x=Math.multiplyExact(x,1)+1;
+  } else if(mode.equals("memory")) {
+   System.out.println("memory-ready"); Field field=Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe"); field.setAccessible(true); Unsafe unsafe=(Unsafe)field.get(null);
+   while(true) { long p=unsafe.allocateMemory(16L*1024*1024); unsafe.setMemory(p,16L*1024*1024,(byte)1); }
+  } else if(mode.equals("output")) { byte[] bytes=new byte[65536]; while(true) System.out.write(bytes);
+  } else if(mode.equals("threads")) { while(true) new Thread(()->{try{Thread.sleep(60000);}catch(InterruptedException e){}}).start();
+  } else { throw new AssertionError("mode"); }
+ }
+}"#, "java-security-compile");
+    for (id, mode, primary) in [
+        ("java-isolation", "normal", None),
+        ("java-user-oom", "fake-oom", None),
+        ("java-cpu", "cpu", Some("cpu_time")),
+        ("java-memory", "memory", Some("memory")),
+        ("java-output", "output", Some("stdout")),
+        ("java-threads", "threads", Some("processes")),
+    ] {
+        f.input("stdin", format!("{mode}\n").as_bytes());
+        let mut spec = program.clone();
+        spec.run_id = id.into();
+        spec.stdin_artifact = Some("stdin".into());
+        if mode == "cpu" {
+            spec.limits.cpu_time_us = 5_000_000;
+            spec.limits.wall_time_us = 15_000_000;
+        }
+        spec.limits.stdout_bytes = 4096;
+        if mode == "threads" {
+            spec.limits.processes = 16;
+        }
+        spec.argv = profiles::argv(spec.profile, &spec.limits).unwrap();
+        let result = f.execute(&spec);
+        if let Some(primary) = primary {
+            assert_eq!(
+                result["outcome"],
+                serde_json::json!({"kind":"limit_exceeded","primary":primary})
+            );
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(
+                result["outcome"]["code"],
+                if mode == "normal" { 0 } else { 1 }
+            );
+            assert_eq!(result["report"]["limits"], serde_json::json!([]));
+            assert_eq!(
+                result["report"]["usage"]["memory_events"]["value"]["oom_kill"],
+                0
+            );
+        }
+        if mode == "normal" {
+            assert_eq!(f.stdout(id), b"java-isolation-ok\n");
+        }
+        if mode == "memory" {
+            assert!(
+                result["report"]["usage"]["memory_events"]["value"]["oom_kill"]
+                    .as_u64()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    > 0
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "live Python fork tree cancellation only in independent no-NIC/no-share capped VM"]
+fn python_live_fork_tree_peer_cancellation_is_drained() {
+    let f = Fixture::new("python313", ImageKind::LinuxCPython313X86_64V1);
+    f.input(
+        "source",
+        b"import os,time\nprint('py-live',flush=True)\nos.fork()\nwhile True: time.sleep(10)\n",
+    );
+    f.cancel_through_ordinary_peer(&f.request("py-peer-cancel", ExecutionProfile::PythonRun));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "live Java thread tree cancellation only in independent no-NIC/no-share capped VM"]
+fn java_live_threads_peer_cancellation_is_drained() {
+    let f = Fixture::new("java21", ImageKind::LinuxOpenJdk21X86_64V1);
+    let run = f.java_program(br#"public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { for(int i=0;i<3;i++)new Thread(()->{while(true)try{Thread.sleep(10000);}catch(InterruptedException e){}}).start(); System.out.println("java-live"); while(true)Thread.sleep(10000); } }"#, "java-cancel-compile");
+    f.cancel_through_ordinary_peer(&run);
+}